Ma phthalates Apoizoni mu Zisindikizo: Zowopsa Zobisika Ndi Kukankhira Kwa Zida Zomangira Zotetezeka

Mankhwala osindikizira osindikizira amapezeka paliponse m'nyumba, m'masukulu, ndi kuntchito, komabe samawaganizira kaŵirikaŵiri. Ngakhale kuti zimayenderana ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, zinthu zodzikongoletserazi zitha kuwononga mpweya wa m'nyumba ndi moyo wa munthu{1}}.

Pomanga nyumba, zosindikizira zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: kutseka mipata ndikuwongolera kayendedwe ka mpweya, ntchito yomwe yakula kwambiri pakati pazovuta zanyengo. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zosindikizira zambiri zimakhala ndi mankhwala oopsa monga isocyanates ndi phthalates. Ma semi-osasunthikawa amatha kuzimitsa-gasi ku zosindikizira pakapita nthawi, kuipitsa mpweya wa m'nyumba ndi kulowa fumbi lapanyumba.

Ma phthalates amadziwika kuti amasokoneza kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'thupi ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi vuto la uchembere. Ngakhale kuti ma phthalates ndi oletsedwa m'zinthu za ana ku federal komanso m'maboma monga Washington, California, ndi Vermont, magulu omwe ali pachiopsezo-kuphatikiza ana ndi apakati-amawonekerabe kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosindikizira.

Pakadali pano, Washington Department of Ecology ikukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa ma phthalates mu vinyl pansi ndi zonunkhira muzinthu zosamalira anthu. Kafukufuku wasayansi watsimikizira kuti mpweya wamkati ndi fumbi la m'nyumba ndi njira zazikulu zowonetsera phthalate, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malamulowa akhale gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa kuwonongeka.

Podziwa kuopsa kwa ma phthalates komanso ntchito zomwe zida zomangira zimachita poika anthu poyizoni, Toxic-Free Future inagwirizana ndi Healthy Building Network ndi Ecology Center ya Michigan mu 2021 ndi 2022 kuyesa phthalate pa zosindikizira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito yapitayi ndi Ecology Center ndi othandizana nawo kuti athetse ma phthalates pazitsulo zogulitsa vinyl ndikuthandizira zoyeserera zomwe zikuchitika ku Washington state.

Pakafukufuku watsopanoyu, gululi linagula ndi kusanthula zinthu 33 zosindikizira{1}kuphatikiza polyurethane, silikoni, ndi acrylic latex mitundu-zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kukonzanso, zomwe akuganiza kuti zili ndi phthalates. Ogwira ntchito ku Ecology Center anagwiritsa ntchito spectrometer yotchedwa Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) kuti aone ngati ali ndi phthalates, ndipo kuyezetsanso kwa labotale kunaperekedwa kwa zinthu zomwe zidapezeka kuti zilipo.

Zotsatira zinavumbula kuti zosindikizira 6 mwa 33 zoyesedwa zinali ndi ma phthalates ambiri-mpaka 12% polemera-kuphatikizapo diisonyl phthalate (DINP) ndi diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Makamaka, ma phthalates amapezeka kwambiri mu "silane modified polymer" zosindikizira: zisanu mwa zisanu ndi ziwiri zosindikizira zotere zidapezeka kuti zili ndi HIV. Chofunika kwambiri, zinthu 27 zotsalazo zinalibe ma phthalates odziwika, kusonyeza kuti njira zina zotetezeka zilipo kale.

Opanga zosindikizira ambiri asiya kale kugwiritsa ntchito ma phthalates, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti zosindikizira zonse zizipangidwa popanda mankhwala owopsawa. Njira zina zotetezeka kuposa phthalate-zokhala ndi zosindikizira zilipo, monga sodium silicate caulk ndi pre-compressed polyurethane joint seals.

Chithunzi Chachikulu: Nyumba Zathanzi Zimadalira Zida Zathanzi

Zida Zomangira Poizoni Zimapitilira Kupitilira Zosindikizira

Zosindikizira ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha zida zomangira zomwe zili ndi zinthu zapoizoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wopanda mpweya wabwino komanso kuwopsa kwa thanzi. Kuyambira kupenta ndi kuyika pansi mpaka kumangirira, zida zambiri zomangira nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mankhwala omwe angawononge thanzi la anthu-ndipo nthawi zonse, njira zina zotetezeka zilipo.

Anthu okhala m'nyumba zotsika mtengo amakumana ndi Kuwonekera Kwambiri

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti katundu wa zida zomangira zapoizoni samagawidwa mofanana. Anthu okhala m'nyumba zotsika mtengo amakhala pachiwopsezo, chifukwa mayunitsiwa nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotsika mtengo zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi poizoni wambiri{1}}kuyika thanzi la anthu pachiwopsezo.

Kuwonjezera pa kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyumba zawo, anthu okhala m'nyumba zotsika mtengo nawonso amatha kuvulazidwa ndi mankhwala oopsa. Lipoti lonena za kuchuluka kwa nyumba zotsika mtengo pafupi ndi malo a Superfund, bungwe la Shriver Center on Poverty Law linanena kuti: "Mabanja mamiliyoni asanu omwe amakhala m'nyumba zothandizidwa ndi boma amakhala makamaka omwe ali pachiwopsezo chokhudzidwa ndi poizoni wa chilengedwe." Izi zikuphatikizapo ana ambiri, anthu olumala, akuluakulu, ndi midzi ya Black ndi Latine.

Zomangira zapoizoni zimatha-zokhalitsa, makamaka m'nyumba zotsika mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti utoto wa mtovu unaletsedwa mu 1978, ukupitirizabe kuvulaza ana okhala m’nyumba zotsika mtengo masiku ano. Ana oposa 90,000 omwe ali m'nyumba za Housing Choice Voucher (Gawo 8) amavutika ndi poizoni wa mtovu, zomwe zimawononga mpaka kalekale kukula kwa ubongo.

Ino Ndi Nthawi Yamalamulo Amene Amalamula Zida Zomangira Zotetezeka

Kuteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo, zida zomangira ziyenera kukhala zopanda mankhwala oopsa. Mabungwe monga Enterprise Green Communities ndi Healthy Building Network, pamodzi ndi mapologalamu a boma monga Safer Products for Washington (SPW), akhala patsogolo pantchito yopeza zida zomangira zotetezeka. Enterprise Green Communities imalimbikitsa zida zathanzi pomanga nyumba zotsika mtengo, kuzindikira ma phthalates mu zosindikizira ndi poizoni wina wazomangamanga ngati zovuta zaumoyo. Bungweli lakhazikitsa njira zomwe omanga m'dziko lonselo angakwaniritse kuti alandire chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito zida zotetezeka m'nyumba zotsika mtengo.

Bungwe la Healthy Building Network limagwiranso ntchito kuthetsa mankhwala oopsa omwe ali m'zinthu zomangira, kuchita kafukufuku wambiri pa zoopsa za mankhwala ndi njira zina zotetezeka. HomeFree Product Guidance imayika zida zomangira pamlingo kuchokera ku zofiira kupita ku zobiriwira kutengera zomwe zili mkati mwake ndikuwonetsa njira zotetezeka, zomwe zimapereka chithandizo chofunikira kwa aliyense amene akufuna zomangira zathanzi.

M'chigawo cha Washington, Toxic-Free Future yalimbikitsa kuti pakhale malamulo oletsa mankhwala oopsa, koma Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda yalephera kuteteza anthu okhala m'nyumba zotsika mtengo potsatira malamulo ake a Enterprise. Mapulogalamu ngati Safer Products ku Washington akugwiranso ntchito pazapoizoni ngati phthalates muzomangamanga. Zaka zisanu zilizonse, dipatimenti ya Washington Ecology imayang'anira mankhwala oopsa, kuletsa kapena kuchepetsa kupezeka kwawo pazinthu zogula. Pulogalamu yatsopanoyi imateteza anthu ndi chilengedwe powongolera zikwizikwi zamankhwala ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonekera. Ngakhale kuti dipatimenti ya Ecology poyamba idayang'ana kwambiri kuletsa ma phthalates mu vinyl pansi, ikuyenera kukulitsa zoletsa izi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zida zonse zomangira zilibe mankhwala owopsa. Poganizira kukhalapo kwa ma phthalates pakuyesa kwathu kosindikiza, dipatimenti ya Ecology iyenera kuletsa ma phthalates mu zosindikizira pamalamulo ake otsatirawa.

Unyolo Wopititsa Pakhomo Uyenera Kuletsa Phthalates mu Sealants

Kuyezetsa kwathu kwatsopano kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwachangu kwa maunyolo akuluakulu owongolera nyumba monga The Home Depot ndi Lowe's kuti aletse ma ortho-phthalates ndi mankhwala ena oopsa mu zosindikizira. Onse ogulitsa malonda awonetsa kale utsogoleri pochotsa ma phthalates mu vinyl pansi; akuyenera kupitiriza izi pochotsa ma phthalates ku zosindikizira ndi zinthu zina zomangira, zomwe-monga kuyika pansi-kungaipitse m'nyumba. Ogulitsa awa akuyeneranso kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zina zatsimikiziridwa kukhala zotetezeka, zikukwaniritsa miyezo monga GreenScreen Benchmark 2 kapena ChemFORWARD C kapena kupitilira apo.

Aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi malo abwino okhala ndi ntchito. Ino ndi nthawi yomanga pamiyezo ya dziko ngati Enterprise Green Communities kuti nyumba zotsika mtengo zikhale zotetezeka komanso zathanzi kwa onse okhalamo. Ogulitsa monga The Home Depot ndi Lowe awonetsa kale kuti njira zina zotetezeka zilipo pochotsa ma phthalates mu vinyl pansi, ndipo ayenera kupitiriza kuletsa poizoni muzinthu zina. M'boma la Washington, dipatimenti ya Ecology iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Safer Products for Washington kuletsa mankhwala oopsa pazinthu zonse zomangira.